Particles

Flame offers a basic, yet robust and extendable particle system. The core concept of this system is the Particle class, which is very similar in its behavior to the ParticleSystemComponent.

The most basic usage of a Particle with FlameGame would look as in the following:

import 'package:flame/components.dart';

// ...

game.add(
  // Wrapping a Particle with ParticleSystemComponent
  // which maps Component lifecycle hooks to Particle ones
  // and embeds a trigger for removing the component.
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    particle: CircleParticle(),
  ),
);

When using Particle with a custom Game implementation, please ensure that both the update and render methods are called during each game loop tick.

Main approaches to implement desired particle effects:

• Composition of existing behaviors.

• Use behavior chaining (just a syntactic sugar of the first one).

• Using ComputedParticle.

Composition works in a similar fashion to those of Flutter widgets by defining the effect from top to bottom. Chaining allows to express the same composition trees more fluently by defining behaviors from bottom to top. Computed particles in their turn fully delegate implementation of the behavior to your code. Any of the approaches could be used in conjunction with existing behaviors where needed.

Random rnd = Random();

Vector2 randomVector2() => (Vector2.random(rnd) - Vector2.random(rnd)) * 200;

// Composition.
//
// Defining a particle effect as a set of nested behaviors from top to bottom,
// one within another:
//
// ParticleSystemComponent
//   > ComposedParticle
//     > AcceleratedParticle
//       > CircleParticle
game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    particle: Particle.generate(
      count: 10,
      generator: (i) => AcceleratedParticle(
        acceleration: randomVector2(),
        child: CircleParticle(
          paint: Paint()..color = Colors.red,
        ),
      ),
    ),
  ),
);

// Chaining.
//
// Expresses the same behavior as above, but with a more fluent API.
// Only Particles with SingleChildParticle mixin can be used as chainable behaviors.
game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    particle: Particle.generate(
      count: 10,
      generator: (i) => pt.CircleParticle(paint: Paint()..color = Colors.red)
    )
  )
);

// Computed Particle.
//
// All the behaviors are defined explicitly. Offers greater flexibility
// compared to built-in behaviors.
game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
      particle: Particle.generate(
        count: 10,
        generator: (i) {
          Vector2 position = Vector2.zero();
          Vector2 speed = Vector2.zero();
          final acceleration = randomVector2();
          final paint = Paint()..color = Colors.red;

          return ComputedParticle(
            renderer: (canvas, _) {
              speed += acceleration;
              position += speed;
              canvas.drawCircle(Offset(position.x, position.y), 1, paint);
            }
        );
      }
    )
  )
);

See more examples of how to use built-in particles in various combinations.

Lifecycle

A behavior common to all Particles is that all of them accept a lifespan argument. This value is used to make the ParticleSystemComponent remove itself once its internal Particle has reached the end of its life. Time within the Particle itself is tracked using the Flame Timer class. It can be configured with a double, represented in seconds (with microsecond precision) by passing it into the corresponding Particle constructor.

Particle(lifespan: .2); // will live for 200ms.
Particle(lifespan: 4); // will live for 4s.

It is also possible to reset a Particle’s lifespan by using the setLifespan method, which also accepts a double of seconds.

final particle = Particle(lifespan: 2);

// ... after some time.
particle.setLifespan(2) // will live for another 2s.

During its lifetime, a Particle tracks the time it was alive and exposes it through the progress getter, which returns a value between 0.0 and 1.0. This value can be used in a similar fashion as the value property of the AnimationController class in Flutter.

final particle = Particle(lifespan: 2.0);

game.add(ParticleSystemComponent(particle: particle));

// Will print values from 0 to 1 with step of .1: 0, 0.1, 0.2 ... 0.9, 1.0.
Timer.periodic(duration * .1, () => print(particle.progress));

The lifespan is passed down to all the descendants of a given Particle, if it supports any of the nesting behaviors.

Built-in particles

Flame ships with a few built-in Particle behaviors:

• The TranslatedParticle translates its child by given Vector2

• The MovingParticle moves its child between two predefined Vector2, supports Curve

• The AcceleratedParticle allows basic physics based effects, like gravitation or speed dampening

• The CircleParticle renders circles of all shapes and sizes

• The SpriteParticle renders Flame Sprite within a Particle effect

• The ImageParticle renders dart:ui Image within a Particle effect

• The ComponentParticle renders Flame Component within a Particle effect

• The FlareParticle renders Flare animation within a Particle effect

See more examples of how to use built-in Particle behaviors together. All the implementations are available in the particles folder on the Flame repository.

TranslatedParticle

Simply translates the underlying Particle to a specified Vector2 within the rendering Canvas. Does not change or alter its position, consider using MovingParticle or AcceleratedParticle where change of position is required. Same effect could be achieved by translating the Canvas layer.

game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    particle: TranslatedParticle(
      // Will translate the child Particle effect to the center of game canvas.
      offset: game.size / 2,
      child: Particle(),
    ),
  ),
);

MovingParticle

Moves the child Particle between the from and to Vector2s during its lifespan. Supports Curve via CurvedParticle.

game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    particle: MovingParticle(
      // Will move from corner to corner of the game canvas.
      from: Vector2.zero(),
      to: game.size,
      child: CircleParticle(
        radius: 2.0,
        paint: Paint()..color = Colors.red,
      ),
    ),
  ),
);

AcceleratedParticle

A basic physics particle which allows you to specify its initial position, speed and acceleration and lets the update cycle do the rest. All three are specified as Vector2s, which you can think of as vectors. It works especially well for physics-based “bursts”, but it is not limited to that. Unit of the Vector2 value is logical px/s. So a speed of Vector2(0, 100) will move a child Particle by 100 logical pixels of the device every second of game time.

final rnd = Random();
Vector2 randomVector2() => (Vector2.random(rnd) - Vector2.random(rnd)) * 100;

game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    particle: AcceleratedParticle(
      // Will fire off in the center of game canvas
      position: game.canvasSize/2,
      // With random initial speed of Vector2(-100..100, 0..-100)
      speed: Vector2(rnd.nextDouble() * 200 - 100, -rnd.nextDouble() * 100),
      // Accelerating downwards, simulating "gravity"
      // speed: Vector2(0, 100),
      child: CircleParticle(
        radius: 2.0,
        paint: Paint()..color = Colors.red,
      ),
    ),
  ),
);

CircleParticle

A Particle which renders a circle with given Paint at the zero offset of passed Canvas. Use in conjunction with TranslatedParticle, MovingParticle or AcceleratedParticle in order to achieve desired positioning.

game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    particle: CircleParticle(
      radius: game.size.x / 2,
      paint: Paint()..color = Colors.red.withValues(alpha: .5),
    ),
  ),
);

SpriteParticle

Allows you to embed a Sprite into your particle effects.

game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    particle: SpriteParticle(
      sprite: Sprite('sprite.png'),
      size: Vector2(64, 64),
    ),
  ),
);

ImageParticle

Renders given dart:ui image within the particle tree.

// During game initialization
await Flame.images.loadAll(const [
  'image.png',
]);

// ...

// Somewhere during the game loop
final image = await Flame.images.load('image.png');

game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    particle: ImageParticle(
      size: Vector2.all(24),
      image: image,
    );
  ),
);

ScalingParticle

Scales the child Particle between 1 and to during its lifespan.

game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    particle: ScalingParticle(
      lifespan: 2,
      to: 0,
      curve: Curves.easeIn,
      child: CircleParticle(
        radius: 2.0,
        paint: Paint()..color = Colors.red,
      )
    );
  ),
);

SpriteAnimationParticle

A Particle which embeds a SpriteAnimation. By default, aligns the SpriteAnimation’s stepTime so that it’s fully played during the Particle lifespan. It’s possible to override this behavior with the alignAnimationTime argument.

final spriteSheet = SpriteSheet(
  image: yourSpriteSheetImage,
  srcSize: Vector2.all(16.0),
);

game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    particle: SpriteAnimationParticle(
      animation: spriteSheet.createAnimation(0, stepTime: 0.1),
    );
  ),
);

ComponentParticle

This Particle allows you to embed a Component within the particle effects. The Component could have its own update lifecycle and could be reused across different effect trees. If the only thing you need is to add some dynamics to an instance of a certain Component, please consider adding it to the game directly, without the Particle in the middle.

final longLivingRect = RectComponent();

game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    particle: ComponentParticle(
      component: longLivingRect
    );
  ),
);

class RectComponent extends Component {
  void render(Canvas c) {
    c.drawRect(
      Rect.fromCenter(center: Offset.zero, width: 100, height: 100),
      Paint()..color = Colors.red
    );
  }

  void update(double dt) {
    /// Will be called by parent [Particle]
  }
}

ComputedParticle

A Particle which could help you when:

• Default behavior is not enough

• Complex effects optimization

• Custom easings

When created, it delegates all the rendering to a supplied ParticleRenderDelegate which is called on each frame to perform necessary computations and render something to the Canvas.

game.add(
  ParticleSystemComponent(
    // Renders a circle which gradually changes its color and size during the
    // particle lifespan.
    particle: ComputedParticle(
      renderer: (canvas, particle) => canvas.drawCircle(
        Offset.zero,
        particle.progress * 10,
        Paint()
          ..color = Color.lerp(
            Colors.red,
            Colors.blue,
            particle.progress,
          ),
      ),
    ),
  ),
)

Nesting behavior

Flame’s implementation of particles follows the same pattern of extreme composition as Flutter widgets. That is achieved by encapsulating small pieces of behavior in every particle and then nesting these behaviors together to achieve the desired visual effect.

Two entities that allow Particles to nest each other are: SingleChildParticle mixin and ComposedParticle class.

A SingleChildParticle may help you with creating Particles with a custom behavior. For example, randomly positioning its child during each frame:

The SingleChildParticle may help you with creating Particles with a custom behavior.

For example, randomly positioning it’s child during each frame:

var rnd = Random();

class GlitchParticle extends Particle with SingleChildParticle {
  Particle child;

  GlitchParticle({
    required this.child,
    super.lifespan,
  });

  @override
  render(Canvas canvas)  {
    canvas.save();
    canvas.translate(rnd.nextDouble() * 100, rnd.nextDouble() * 100);

    // Will also render the child
    super.render();

    canvas.restore();
  }
}

The ComposedParticle could be used either as a standalone or within an existing Particle tree.